Defining Music From Music Theory

Defining Music From Music Theory The word music comes from the Greek mousikà ª (tekhnà ª) by way of the Latin musica. It is ultimately derived from mousa, the Greek word for muse. In ancient Greece, the word mousike was used to mean any of the arts or sciences governed by the Muses. Later, in Rome, ars musica embraced poetry as well as instrument-oriented music. In the European Middle Ages, musica was part of the mathematical, geometry, astronomy and musica. Other than that, many definitions of music implicitly hold that music is a communicative activity which conveys to the listener moods, emotions, thoughts, impressions, or philosophical, sexual, or political concepts or positions. Levi R. Bryant defines music not as a language, but as a marked-based, problem-solving method such as mathematics (Ashby 2004, 4).Because of its ability to communicate, music is sometimes described as the universal language. Yet the meaning of music is obviously culturally mediated. For example, in Western society, minor chords are of ten perceived as sad, an understanding other cultures rarely share. More precisely, music is the actualization of the possibility of any sound whatever to present to some human being a meaning which he experiences with his body-that is to say, with his mind, his feelings, his senses, his will, and his metabolism (Clifton 1983, 1). It is therefore a certain reciprocal relation established between a person, his behavior, and a sounding object (Clifton 1983, 10). Music, often an art/entertainment, is a total social fact whose definitions vary according to era and culture, according to Jean Molino (1975, 37). It is often contrasted with noise. According to musicologist Jean-Jacques Nattiez: The border between music and noise is always culturally defined-which implies that, even within a single society, this border does not always pass through the same place; in short, there is rarely a consensus. 2.1.1 Meaning of Music: A view from Music Theory Meaning of music is a vast issue that straddles many disciplines including those of philosophy, psychology, semiotics, linguistics and acoustic, and it seems that there is undying enthusiasm for exploring why and how music is meaningful to human beings, why it is such a powerful personal and social phenomenon: and why we use it as a therapeutic tool. (Colwyn Trevarthen, p.18, 2000) As music is meaningful for human beings, it can be relate to the music influence towards an individual. And in this particular research it is focus towards student lifestyle. Music is not only about influence to the people but it is also a therapy for people. Jean-Jaques Nattiez, the Canadian semiotician, opens his famous book, Music and Discourse (1990), with the following statement: This book is based upon a hypothesis that I shall immediately state: the musical is merely what we used to call the text; it is not merely a wholly composed of structures (I prefer in any case, to write of configurations). Rather, the work is also constituted by the procedures that have been endangered it (acts of composition), and the procedures to which it gives rise: acts of interpretation and perception. (p.ix) Music is made under certain procedures which mainly refer to the composition of the music itself, then followed by process to enhance the quality of the music itself. 2.2 Types of Music There are several type of music being exist in the world, however as listed below are mainly known or major type of music known by the people. 2.2.1 Hip Hop Hip Hop is the most popular form of music. Coinage of the term hip hop is often credited to Keith Cowboy, a rapper. Hip Hop is composed of rapping and DJing. The term rap is sometimes used synonymously with hip hop music, though it is also used to refer specifically to the practice of rapping, which is just one component of hip hop. Typically, hip hop music consists of one or more rappers who chant semi-autobiographic tales, often relating to a fictionalized counterpart, in an intensely rhythmic lyrical form, making abundant use of techniques like assosance, alliteration and rhyme. Though rap may be performed acapella, it is more common for the rapper to be accompanied by a DJ. Hip hop arose in New York City when DJs began isolating the percussion break from funk or disco songs. The role of the emcee (MC) arose to introduce the DJ and the music, and to keep the audience excited. By 1979, hip hop had become a commercially recorded music genre, and began to enter the American mainstream. It also began its spread across the world. In the 1990s, a form called gangsta rap became a major part of American music. The reason for hip hops rise was the decline of rock, funk, disco in the mid to late 70s. he 1980s saw intense diversification in hip hop, which developed into a more complex form. The simple tales of 1970s emcees were replaced by highly metaphoric lyrics rapping over complex, multi-layered beats. The first rap records were actually recorded by live musicians in the studio, with the rappers adding their vocals later. Aside from hip hops great popularity, the genre has had an impact on most varieties of popular music. There are performers that combine either hip hop beats or rapping with rock and roll, heavy metal, punk rock, jazz. Hip hop has hundreds of major international magazines devoted to it, most famously including The Source and Vibe. In its early years, BET (Black Entertainment Television) was almost the only television channel likely to play any hip hop music; now, several mainstream channels such as VH1 and MTV may play more hip hop music than any other style. 2.2 Rhythm Blues Rhythm and Blues also known as RB is a popular music genre combining jazz, gospel and blues influence. This kind of music is generally performed by the African American artists. This term was coined by the marketing team in the United States in 1947 by Jerry Wexler at Billboard magazine. In the 1970s, rhythm and blues was being used as a term to describe soul and funk. Blues is a vocal and instrumental form of music based on the use of the blue notes and a repetitive pattern that most often allows a 12-bar structure. It emerged in African-American communities. The blues influenced later American and Western popular music. It became a part of jazz, bluegrass, hip hop and pop songs. Rhythm is the variation of the length and accentuation of a series of sounds or other events. Rhythm involves patterns of duration that are phenomenally present in the music. It is most associated with music, dance and the majority of poetry. The study of rhythm, stress, and pitch in speech is called Prosody. 2.2.3 Jazz Jazz is the art of expression set to music. Jazz is said to be the fundamental rhythms of human life and mans contemporary reassessment of his traditional values. Volumes have been written on the origins of jazz based on black American life-styles. The early influences of tribal drums and the development of gospel, blues and field hollers seems to point out that jazz has to do with human survival and the expression of life. The meaning of jazz soon became a musical art form, whether under composition guidelines or improvisation, jazz reflected spontaneous melodic phrasing. Jazz developed in the latter part of the 19th century from black work songs, field shouts, sorrow songs, hymns, and spirituals whose harmonic, rhythmic, and melodic elements were predominantly African. Because of its spontaneous, emotional, and improvisational character, and because it is basically of black origin and association, jazz has to some extent not been accorded the degree of recognition it deserves. European audiences have often been more receptive to jazz, and thus many American jazz musicians have become expatriates. 2.2.4 Country music Any kind of Music is a form of art. Country music, the first half of billboards country and western music category, is a blend of popular musical forms originally found in the Southern United States.Many songs have been adapted to different country music styles. Few of the famous country style artists are Jim Reeves, Elvis Presley, Charlie Pride, Patsy Cline, Bob Williams; the most important instrument used in country music is the Guitar. The songs of Roy Rogers, Gene Autry, and the Sons of the Pioneers put the Western in Country and Western Music. Much of this music was written for and brought to the American public through the cowboy films of the 30s and 40s and were widely popular. 2.2.5 Rock Rock (also known as rock n roll) is a form of music that evolved in the United States in the late 1940s and early 1950s. Its roots lay mainly in rhythm and blues, country, folk, gospel, and jazz. The style quickly spread to the rest of the world and developed further, leading ultimately to modern rock music. And nowadays, rock is the dominant form of popular music in the world. The term rock and roll now covers at least two different meanings, both in common usage. The American Heritage Dictionary and the Merriam-Webster Dictionary both define rock and roll as synonymous with rock music. Conversely, Allwords.com defines the term to refer specifically to the music of the 1950s. For the purpose of differentiation, this article uses the latter definition, while the broader musical genre is discussed in the rock music article. Classic rock and roll is usually played with one or two electric guitars (one lead, one rhythm), a string bass or (after the mid-1950s) an electric bass guitar, and a drum kit. In the earliest rock and roll styles of the late 1940s and early 1950s, either the piano or saxophone was often the lead instrument, but these were generally replaced or supplemented by guitar in the middle to late 1950s. The beat is essentially a boogie woogie blues rhythm with an accentuated backbeat, the latter almost always provided by a snare drum. The massive popularity and eventual worldwide view of rock and roll gave it a unique social impact. Far beyond simply a musical style, rock and roll, as seen in movies and in the new medium of television, influenced lifestyles, fashion, attitudes, and language. It went on to spawn various sub-genres, often without the initially characteristic backbeat, that are now more commonly called simply rock music or rock. 2.3 How music can influence students life style. Rock is another type of music that had been criticized often by the media. They say that rock like bands like KoRn and Limp Bizkit give kids negative thoughts and make teens nowadays act out in violence. This however is not true. The only way rock influences teenagers in on what they wear. Kids that wear baggy pants, large shirts, and long necklaces with five inch pendants usually listen to rap. Teens that wear wide leg pants and torn up clothes usually affected from listen to alternative music. Lastly, teenagers who have pierced tongues, blue hair, and wear tight leather pants most likely will listen to rock music. Because rock had influences teens on what to wear, that does not mean that the kids will be violent. Large clothes and pierced tongues are only ways to express oneself (Smith 2). Smith obviously agrees and that the type of clothes does not make a decent teen turn bad. 2.4 The important of music among the students. Music is important to most teenagers. It is a way to get away from all of lives problems. Music can gives teenagers a different way to think than the normal way to think. KoRn is one of the bands. Parents believe they are a bad influence on their children, but they only say that because they do not want to blame themselves for being bad parents and not being able to raise their child right. Teenagers seek music as an outlet from problems in life, yet the media and parents believe that rap and rock music is to blame for teenagers problems. Rap is being blamed for the murders and crimes in cities all over America. Rock is being blamed for giving teens evil thoughts mixed with hate. Rap lyrics are about the rappers societies problems. So if person does not like the lyrics, change the suburbs in large cities to make the lyrics better. A rock lyric is all about the soul. Lyrics from rock music are deeper than any other type of music out today. That is why the music is widespread. Music is the universal language, and that is why all music is important to someone. Music also played an important role in learning and the communication of culture. We often use music to define our beliefs and convictions and are attracted to music which affirms and supports these beliefs and convictions (Michael Rich 3). Childrens television has used the combination of words, music and animation to promote learning for many years. Most parents seem to be concerned about what their young children hear and see, but tend to pay less attention to the unending media exposure that their children are confronted with daily as they grow older, especially music videos. According to the National Institute on Media and the Family, music videos are the media of choice for many adolescents and they spend between three and four hours per day listening to music which includes radio, CDs and music videos. Music helps adolescents define important social and interpersonal behaviors and can have impact on a teenagers attitudes, beliefs and judgments. It affirms and confirms a teenagers struggles, joys, sorrows, fears and fantasies (Michael Rich 3). Music is often a major part of a teenagers separate world and it is common for them to get pleasure in keeping adults out or causing adults some distress with their choices. However, they dont seem to be aware that music videos can have an influence on what they wear, how they act and what they think. Teenagers, in particular, look to media images for standards of dress, hairstyle, behavior and cultural practices (Burns Martinez 1). Musical intelligence is a way to awaken and stimulate memory and learning. Music is an effective memory aid (Anton, 1990). Students seem to enjoy music and it helps them relax and become more receptive to language learning. Anton also further points out that music combine the right hemisphere of the brain with the left hemisphere. The right side deals with creative activities,non-verbal and emotional processes while the left side governs specific verbal and logic-based learning. While, music also helps lot in students academic performance. Music is a subject to be studied and appreciated as a separate skill, it can also be used as a means for acquiring other knowledge (Lazear, 1991). Singing can build students confidence by allow them to enjoy a degree of fluency in English before they have achieved it in speaking (Zatorre, 2000). Also, songs can be incorporated to all language skills (listening, reading, writing and speaking). Using music in the classroom has its own beneficial purposes. Singing helps students to improve their pronunciation and stress (Wilcox, 1995). Students would feel happy as memory is generally associated with an emotion. Music can help them to learn structures and expressions far more complicated than they could learn through a grammar lesson which only involve verbal skills. Often not, students are able to improve their listening skills where words often rhyme or are repeated. They also may be able to remember what they have learned, and are able to call upon the material when needed as they begin to produce language (Newham, 1995). Using music may also break the monotomy of the lesson where usually people have a 20 minute attention span and after the songs, students become more alert. With higher-level students, using very soft rainforest music helps their concentration and music without words is good for relaxation (Lozanov, 1978). Generally, listening to music in class requires engaged attention and in turn, both reflection and for the development of imaginative responses to what students hear and read (Dvorak, 1984). 2.5 Future of Music From one point of view, the present age offers a moment of exceptional musical excitement and opportunity. With so many technical and stylistic alternatives at hand, plus a constant stream of technological advances opening up ever new areas of exploration , todays composers would seem free to follow their imaginations at will, to the outermost reaches of what is musically possible. (Morgan Robert P., p488) Music can be said to express the general spirit of an age, moreover, it cannot be expected to a mirror of consensus that does not exist elsewhere. At least until there is a profound shift of contemporary consciousness; it seems likely that music will retain its present pluralistic and uncentered quality. For music to change the world will have to change. In a more specific view, music will change following the trend by its users. Thus, each type of music actually represent certain level age of an individual, whereby different age of person may have different taste of music.

Food Justice Essay

Walking into the lecture I had no clue what food justice meant. If anything, I figured the lecture had to do with justice for fair trade for farmers or the justice in regulation of genetically modified foods. Instead it turned out to be justice that seeks to ensure that the risk associated with growing, producing, transporting, distributing, eating, access to food is shared by everyone fairly. After Professor Kieth Pezzoli gave a little explanation about food justice and its purpose I began to see the â€Å"background stuff† that goes on to get my food on my plate. I was beginning to see that the food that gets into my stomach has probably traveled to more places around the US than I will ever be. What was really interesting was learning that food that gets cultivated here will be shipped up north or elsewhere to be processed and then shipped back to California. In addition, all the traveling that my food not only waste time but also is detrimental to the environment due to the pollution caused by the vehicles that ship my food all around to be processed. Even though my food travels thousands of miles before it reaches me Professor Brad Werner made an interesting point in that we may never notice this process because of modern advancement in transportation and communication. The ability to easily receive my food is due to all the technology we have and having this ease of purchasing food is known as a low friction transaction. On the other hand, when it is difficult to purchase food due to varying factors this is known as a high friction transaction. Lastly Professor Jericho Burg demonstrated how the problems we face with food justice here in the states stretches far beyond our borders due to the excess food we give out to other countries in famine through food aid. Like many things good intentions sometimes have negative effects and there needs to be a re-evaluation and reform on the system we currently use to help others including ourselves.

Explain potential hazards and the harm that may arise from each in a health or social care setting Essay

To achieve P1 you need to explore the hazards that might arise in a health and social care setting. The focus is on explaining hazards that may arise for a specific service user group (elderly, young children, young adults with learning difficulties) when providing services for that particular group. It is a good idea to base P1 on a particular setting, the setting that you plan to carry out your risk assessment on, so that your assignment flows professionally. You need to be able to recognise many potential hazards relevant to a care setting and service users, but evidence for a minimum of 6 is expected to meet P1 criteria. The key focus is that learners can relate possible hazards with the abilities and limitations of the service user group. E.g. walking may be hazardous for both a toddler and an older person but for different reasons – the toddler has not yet learnt coordination and an adult may have wasted muscles or have less strength to stop themselves from falling. You need to be aware of which applies. Physical environment, Substances, Working conditions, Infections, Working practices, Security Health Care Setting: Adolescent Psychiatric Ward see more:secure systems for recording storing and sharing information I am a manager of an adolescent psychiatric ward. There are many potential hazards on the ward. A potential security hazard in an adolescent psychiatric ward could be: The windows; if there was a fire the windows are all unable to open enough to get out and they cannot be broken easily. The reason the windows are like this is to stop the patients who are on section from leaving or breaking the windows to harm themselves or others. But if there is a fire no one can get out or in easily which could cause fatalities and injuries. Confidential information; all the confidential information must be kept in the office, which is locked from young people, it must be out of site from any young people looking through the window to the room. Should be filled away at the end of using it to ensure that it is kept safe and that no-one who shouldn’t see it is able to read it. Any confidential information that is held on computer has to be password protected and only certain people are allowed the password to the information. Potential physical hazards in an adolescent psychiatric ward could be: The furniture; the furniture has to be either too heavy to pick up, stuck to the floor or walls, be too light to do damage. This is so that no one can use it to hurt themselves or others. Sharp corners; there has to be no sharp corners on the anywhere, this is so that no one can hurt themselves on it either accidentally or on purpose. Glass and Electrical equipment; a certain kind of plastic has to be used to cover any electrical equipment within the ward, and be instead of glass inside the ward, the plastic has to be non-breakable so they young people can not break it and hurt themselves or others Doors; all doors should be locked and only be able to open by a staff member, this is because the staff need to know where they young people are and so that the young people can’t lock themselves or others in a room and so that they young people who are on section can not leave. Kitchen; the kitchen should be out of bounds to the young people an the occupational kitchen needs an occupation therapist to be supervising. This is so that the young people can not hurt themselves or others with the equipment in the kitchen and that if a young person has a eating disorder the food they eat is monitored. Hot drinks; they must be of a luke warm temperature so it will not scold the young person either accidentally or on purpose or for a young person not to scold someone else. Potential substance hazards in an adolescent psychiatric ward could be: Medication; the young people could store up their medication for taking as an overdose, checks need to be done after giving each young person medication they are on, and when possible give liquids only. Also the medication charts need to have a photo of the young person it is from and have a second member of staff to check that it is the right medication, the right dose and given to the right person. Cleaning products; the young people should be in a different area from which the cleaners are cleaning in and the cleaners must make sure no cleaning products are left behind. The young people could take the cleaning products and harm themselves or others. Potential working conditions hazards in an adolescent psychiatric ward could be: Staffing levels; the staff would be over worked and if there is problems on the ward then staff would be stretched which means there is risk of someone getting hurt. To prevent this happening there should be a minimum of 3 members of staff on duty at all time and when there is more young people, the staffing levels should increase. Hours; the working hours are long on the ward, most staff work 12 hour shifts 4 times a week, if a member of staff does more than this then they could get tired and then hazards could arise because they have less attention and both the young people and the staff have a risk of getting injured. To prevent this staff can only work a maximum of 48 hours a week, including overtime. Potential infections hazards in an adolescent psychiatric ward could be: Poor ventilation; poor ventilation means that when there is airborne infections, like influenza, the common cold, throat infections, they are more likely to spread quickly, to try to prevent this it is important have fresh air circulating. Food hygiene; as the food is all cooked in the kitchen by the chefs, they have to make sure that all the food is cooked and prepared properly otherwise there is a high risk of food borne infections, like Salmonella and E. coli. Potential working practices hazards in an adolescent psychiatric ward could be: Restraining; when the staff have to restrain the young people, they must have had the proper training to make sure that they know how to do the techniques properly so as to not injure themselves or the person they are restraining.

Gay Marriage Research Paper - 899 Words

In recent years, the debate over gay marriage has grown from an issue that occasionally arose in a few states to a nationwide controversy. People have opposing viewpoints on whether gays should be allowed to marry or not, and the sub topics that coincide with gay marriage. People wonder if it is okay for gays to marry, and if so, should it be legal everywhere? In the United States I 2009, some states like Iowa, Vermont, and Connecticut allow gays to marry, while states like California, Florida, and Arizona have constitutions that prohibit same-sex marriages. Most supporters of same-sex marriage contend that gay and lesbian couples should be treated no differently than their heterosexual counterparts and that they should be able to†¦show more content†¦7). Many benefits come with a marriage. Some of those benefits include tax filing status, joint ownership of property, insurance benefits (Messerli, par. 3), and children. Without marriage, gays will be unable to have some of these benefits that many other married couples have. For example, if one member of a gay couple that has been together for 20 years gets critically ill, visitation may not even be allowed since the other isnt considered a spouse or immediate family member (Messerli, par. 3). Children, on the other hand, is a bit different. Even though someone does not have to be married to have a child, how come people think gays should not be allowed to? If a sixteen year old girl can raise a kid, then, a gay couple can too. Some people think that only heterosexual couples should have kids, and that marriage [is] only for the procreation of children and that homosexuals cannot biologically fulfill this function (Blair, 305). Technically, gays could procreate and have biological children, but they would have to use surrogacy. Some people also think that a child being raised by two parents of the same gender will not turn out to be normal, but there are plenty of different aspects that could affec t the way a child will turn out to be like. The number of child adoptions should increase since gay couples cannot pro-create (Messerli, par. 8). With more gay marriages, there will be a largerShow MoreRelatedGay Marriage Research Paper1970 Words   |  8 PagesIt is rooted in our traditional Western values that marriage is intended to be between man and woman. The dictionary defines it as the social institution under which a male and female establish their decision to live as husband and wife by legal commitments and religious ceremonies.1 I do not believe marriage should have an alternate definition. President George W. 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Tiarne Milton Year 12, CAFS Mrs Stamoudis Table Of Contents Abstract/summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..3 Acknowledgments†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..5 Review of existing research†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreFeminism Of A Post Feminist Period Essay1692 Words   |  7 PagesPosition paper 1. 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